Joseph  Haydn

Acide

Festa teatrale

Original title

ACIDE. FESTA TEATRALE, CHE SI RAPPRESENTA IN EISENSTADT, NELL'OCCASIONE DEL FELICISSIMO IMENEO, DEGLI ILLUSTRISSIMI ET ECCELLENTISSIMI IL SIGNOR CONTE ANTONIO D'ESTERHASY DE GALANTHA &c. &c. E LA SIGNORA CONTESSA TERESA D'ERDÖDI DE N. &c. &c. Ai 11, del Gennaro dell' Anno 1763.

Classification
I. period 1. opera / series XXV:1 / Hob. XXVIII:1
Opera type
Festa teatrale / Opera seria
Number of acts
1
Occasion of composition

Wedding of Count Anton Esterházy (1738-1794), eldest son of Prince Nicolaus Esterházy, and Countess Therese Erdödy (1745-1782).

Year
1762 / edition 1773
World premiere
11 January 1763
Place of world premiere
Probably in the great hall of Eisenstadt Castle
Score

Acide. Festa teatrale
Editor: Günter Thomas; Reihe XXV, Band 1;
1985, G. Henle Verlag München

Information about score

Festzuhalten ist, dass es zwei Fassungen dieser Oper gibt: Eine von 1763 und eine weitere von 1773/1774. Zur Fassung Acide 1763: Neben der drei-sätzigen Ouvertüre (die ersten 32 Takte fehlen im Autograph) sind folgende Szenen/Arien als Autograph erhalten:

  • Szene I, Arie des Acide: La beltà, che m'innamora,
  • Szene III, Arie der Glauce: Perché stupisci tanto,
  • Szene IV, Arie des Polifemo: Se men gentile,
  • Szene V, Acc.-Rez. des Acide: Misero ! Che ascolto?
  • Szene XII, Arie der Tetide: Tergi i vezzosi rai
  • sowie das abschließende Quartett: Ah vedrai, bell'idol mio

Vier Arien sowie alle Rezitative gelten als verloren. Wobei man nicht genau sagen kann, ob es sich bei den Rezitativen um Secco-Rezitative handelte oder um Accompagnato-Rezitative.

Zur überarbeiteten Fassung von 1773/1774:

  • Neben einem nur partiell erhaltenen, neu vertonten Teil der Szene II, der Arie der Galatea, Troppo felice, wohlgemerkt mit 2 Englischhörnern
  • wurde auch die Szene XI rund um Galatea um ein dramatisches Acc.-Rez. erweitert
  • und die ursprüngliche Arie der Tetide in die neukreierte Bass-Rolle Nettuno umgeformt. Hier folgt Haydn nicht mehr der Da-capo-Form. Gemäß des erweiterten Orchesterapparats konnte Haydn in dieser Arie 2 Fagotti notieren, da sonst nicht einmal eines extra notiert wurde und jenes nur den Bass verdoppelte.
Status of score
incomplete

Persons

Staff of period I
Joseph Haydn opera conductor
Joseph Haydn theatre director
Hieronymus Bon theatre painter
Ensemble of period I
Eleonore Jäger
alto
Barbara Fux-Dichtler
soprano
Carl Friberth
tenor
Anna Maria Scheffstoss
soprano
Melchior Griessler
bass
Leopold Dichtler
tenor
Magdalena Spangler-Friberth
soprano
Christian Specht
bass
Gertruda Cellini
soprano
Giacomo Lambertini
bass
Elisabeth Prantner
soprano
Opera roles
Acide tenor
Galatea soprano
Polifemo bass
Glauce soprano
Tetide alto
Nettuno Bass
Cast / Attori

1763:

flute Franz Sigl
oboe Michael Kapfer, Georg Kapfer
basoon Johann Hinterberger
horn Johann Knoblauch, Thaddäus Steinmüller
violin/viola Luigi Tomasini (cm), Johann Georg Heger, Lucas Garnier (viola)
violoncello Joseph Weigl
double bass Johann Schwenda

1774:

oboe Carl Chorus, Zacharias Pohl
basoon Johann Hinterberger, Caspar Peczival
horn Carl Franz, wohl entweder Franz Pauer oder Joseph Oliva
violin/viola Luigi Tomasini (cm), Joseph Dietzl, Franz Pauer oder Joseph Oliva, Joseph Purcksteiner (viola)
violoncello Xavier Marteau
double bass Carl Schiringer
Orchestration

1763: 2|2|0|0 – 2|0 – str.
1774: 0|2(EH)|0|2 – 2|0 – str.

Number of orchestra musicians

1763: 1|2|0|1 – 2|0 – str. (1|1|1|1|1)
1774: 0|2|0|2 – 2|0 – str. (2|2|1|1|1)

Libretto

Libretto

The libretto was written by Giovanni Ambrogio Migliavacca of Milan, a student of Pietro Metastasio’s, whose 1722 azione teatrale ‘Galatea’ served as a model: the story of ‘Acis and Galatea’ from Ovid’s Metamorphoses. The libretto probably ended up in Haydn’s hands through the mediation of Count Giacomo Durazzo. This patron and friend of the prince had already given Migliavacca’s libretto to Gluck, who had turned it into the opera Tetide in 1760. Durazzo was a patron of both Gluck and Migliavacca.

Arrangement of libretto
Unbekannt

Opera parts

Sinfonia Allegro molto – Andante grazioso – Finale Presto
SCENA PRIMA
Glauce, Acide Ah fuggi, Acide, fuggi
Aria Acide La beltà, che m'innamora
SCENA II
Glauce, Galatea Oh se veduto avessi
[Aria] Galatea (siehe partiell erhaltene Neufassung)
Troppo felice
SCENA III
Glauce, Polifemo Oh quanto, oh quanto io rido
Aria Glauce Perché stupisci tanto
SCENA IV
Polifemo E perché al par di Glauce
Aria Polifemo Se men gentile
SCENA V
Acide, Galatea, Glauce Né torna Galatea?
Recitativo accompagnato Acide Misero! Che ascolto?
[Aria] Acide Ah se ancor soffrir degg'io
SCENA VI
Galatea, Glauce E fin a quando, o Numi
SCENA VII
Polifemo, Glauce, Galatea Vezzosa Galatea
[Aria] Galatea Coll'idol mio fra l'onde
SCENA VIII
Polifemo, Glauce Quella superba, o Glauce
[Aria] Glauce Non voglio amarti
SCENA IX
Polifemo E di Nettuno il figlio
SCENA X
Glauce, Acide, Polifemo Partì. Più non si tardi
SCENA XI
Galatea, Glauce Diletta Glauce
SCENA XII
Tetide, Glauce, Galatea Sorgi, di' Neréo e Dori
Aria Betide [Nettuno] Tergi i vezzosi rai
Galatea, Tetide, Glauce E tu, gran Dea dell' onde
SCENA ULTIMA
Acide, Galatea, Glauce Da Lete io torno
Quartetto Galatea, Glauce, Tetide, Acide
Ah vedrai, bell'idol mio

Synopsis

The action takes place in a Sicilian forest at the foot of Mount Etna, near the sea. Galatea, one of the Nereids, kind and beautiful sea nymphs, falls in love with the young shepherd Acis, son of a nymph and King Faunus; for his sake, she leaves the sea. However, the one-eyed Cyclops Polifemo, son of the sea god Neptune, also covets the charming Galatea, who rejects him.
Glauce, Galatea’s confidant, implores Acis to flee, lest the jealous and cruel Polifemo seek his life. Acis remains fearless and refuses to run away, not wanting to leave Galatea. Glauce also advises Galatea to flee, abandon Acis and forget her love for him. This is also completely unthinkable for Galatea.
Glauce doesn’t understand the lovers and their blind naivety. Then she meets Polifemo, who is already looking for Galatea in vain, and makes a joke that he should forget Galatea, because she, Glauce, is the only one who truly loves him. She tells him that no heart could resist such an enchanting face as his and that she would remain faithful to him. Polifemo is amazed but believes her false, malicious flattery.
What is it that attracts Glauce but repels Galatea? Polifemo begins to ponder the question, unsure, because he is aware of his ugly appearance: one-eyed, with an eyebrow that stretches from one ear to the other, shaggy beard, nose like a mountain, limbs covered with bristly hair. At heart, however, he is full of tenderness, sensitivity and dignity. Galatea tells Acis to flee with her. Their boat, a large shell, is ready and they will be safe at sea. Acis agrees to follow her wherever she pleases. However, Glauce advises waiting for the moment when Polifemo goes to sleep. In the meantime, they should hide separately from each other. Acis seeks shelter in the undergrowth and Galatea seeks refuge in the waves.
Suddenly Polifemo appears, wanting to win Galatea by any means. Glauce persuades Galatea to pretend. But she hates and despises him, the terror of the forests, and his devilish mind which knows no justice and which offends both men and gods. Polifemo warns that he can obliterate smoking Etna with his enormous power and destroy all the deities of the sea, including the Nereids. However, Galatea appears fearless and laughs her fear away, believing she and Acis – thinking about their planned escape – are safe. Polifemo then turns to Glauce: she should now be his bride, but she too despises him and admits that she never loved him, and thinks him a monster. Polyphemus decides to take revenge on his rival. Upon discovering Acis, he slays him with a large boulder.
Galatea seeks Acis and learns of his fate from Glauce. She calls on the furies to take revenge and wishes to destroy Polifemo, but her plea remains unanswered. She then begs the gods to give her Acis back, otherwise she would not want to live anymore. Her breath slows down, her voice gradually falls silent, she loses consciousness. Neptune, deus ex machina, (in the 1763 version Tetide, a Nereid) emerges from the waves and heralds a turn for the better.
Acis is brought back to life, his blood dripping from the boulder transformed into gushing water that henceforth becomes as crystal clear as a stream. Acis himself becomes the river god: he emerges from the new body of water, aqua blue and with a horned head braided with reeds, the sign of aquatic deities. In general enchantment, Acis and Galatea assure each other of their everlasting love: rather shall the brook return to its source, or day and night merge, than their souls become unfaithful.2

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